di Orlando Roselli

SOMMARIO: 1. Il messaggio metodologico di Enzo Cheli. – 2. Le metamorfosi delle società contemporanee ed il conseguente diffuso disorientamento. – 3. La richiesta ad Enzo Cheli di aiutare tutti noi nella ricerca di risposte alle sfide ordinamentali delle società contemporanee. – 3.1. Con riferimento alla necessità di ripensamento del metodo giuridico e di una più trasparente ricostruzione delle metodologie scientifiche adottate. – 3.1.1. L’interrogativo di come si struttura ciò che definiamo diritto. – 3.1.2. Il concetto di “costituzionale” è riferibile ai soli testi costituzionali? – 3.1.3. La progressiva complessità dei processi ordinamentali. Quale “postura” culturale e scientifica è più funzionale a costruire «ordinamento» democratico? – 3.2. Crisi del sistema politico e riforme costituzionali. – 3.2.1. La difficoltà di pervenire a riforme fondamentali condivise.

In constitutionalist culture, Enzo Cheli represents a point of reference beyond the borders of our country for his ability, demonstrated in almost seventy years of extraordinary scholarly production, to grasp the close relationship of the incidence of political and social dynamics in the constitutional dimension. Faced with the metamorphoses of contemporary societies, his legal method, which makes him both a constitutionalist and a legal historian in his own right, manifests all its vitality. This is why his enlightening contribution is even more needed in this age of transition.

di Ugo De Siervo

The great value of constitutional rigidity is manifested in the maintenance over time of the principles and values on the basis of which the mediations between the various constituent political forces took place. In the recent history of Italian institutions, the 1948 Constitution has ensured the realisation of a good democratic system, but some prolonged delays in the realisation of the promised innovations have partly weakened its functioning. At the same time, widespread social and cultural changes have greatly reduced the ability of political forces to maintain a good level of development and have opened the door to multiple and confused attempts to solve problems through constitutional reforms, which have, however, proved inadequate. The current dangerous crisis of many values and principles that were the basis of democratic constitutionalism in the 20th century demands an urgent realisation of the need to face new serious cultural confrontations on the functionality of contemporary democracies.

di Paolo Caretti

SOMMARIO: 1. Una lezione di metodo: il rapporto tra fonti e forma di governo. – 2. Il potere regolamentare. – 3. Il sistema delle fonti nel quadro di una Costituzione pluralista e policentrica. – 4. La Costituzione come segno di una nuova “statualità” e forza unificante della comunità politica.

The contribution focuses on Enzo Cheli's contribution to the study of the system of sources of law through a critical reading of some of his most significant works.

di Giovanna De Minico

SOMMARIO: 1. Il punto di avvio del discorso. – 2. Gli snodi della sentenza n. 192/2024. – 3. La sentenza n. 192/2024 e i referendum abrogativi. – 4. Il giudizio di ammissibilità della Corte costituzionale.

The Author draws a connecting thread between three judgments: the one on the constitutional legitimacy of Law No. 86/2024; the one on the legitimacy of referendums for the total or partial repeal of the same law; and, finally, the one on the permissibility of the total abrogative referendum. The analysis begins with the examination of Judgment No. 192/2024 and its multiple structure of: outright annulment, substitutive annulment, outright rejection, and interpretative rejection. The focus then shifts to the relationship between the Judgement of the Constitutional Court and the ordinance (December 12, 2024) of the Central Office for the Referendum at the Court of Cassation. The latter recognized the legitimacy of the total abrogative referendum, while excluding the feasibility of partial questions due to a controversial equivalence between the Constitutional Court’s interpretative rejection and legislative ius superveniens. Finally, the future permissibility of the total referendum question (by the Constitutional Court) is examined, challenging the validity of opposing arguments: the lack of unity in the question, the qualification of Law 86 as constitutionally necessary, and its connection to the budget law. The reflection is guided by the principle that freedoms must be protected to the maximum extent possible, while their limitations to the minimum. Otherwise, there is a risk that democracy is only mere appearance.

di Nicola Lupo

SOMMARIO: 1. Un presupposto non veritiero: la maggiore flessibilità del regolamento rispetto alla legge. – 2. La agevole modificabilità delle fonti primarie, a maggior ragione ai tempi del Covid e del PNRR. – 3. I tempi lunghi per l’esercizio del potere regolamentare del Governo. Il caso degli atti attuativi del nuovo codice degli appalti. – 4. Conclusioni.

The reasoning behind the regulation of the Government's regulatory power introduced by Law No. 400 of 1988, to the drafting and analysis of which, Enzo Cheli made a very significant contribution, presupposed greater flexibility of the regulatory source with respect to laws and acts with the force of law.  In this contribution, the author investigates the reasons why this reasoning can now be said to have been superseded.

di Andrea Cardone e Matteo Giannelli

SOMMARIO:  1. «Nata per unire» come paradigma per lo studio delle interazioni tra sistema delle fonti e forma di governo – 2. La rilevanza del procedimento di revisione costituzionale nella definizione del modello costituzionale di sistema delle fonti e le degenerazioni della forma di governo parlamentare. – 3. La capacità del modello di cui all’art. 138 Cost. di resistere alle degenerazioni del sistema: dalla Commissione Bozzi alla riforma del 2006 – 4. (segue): le riforme nella stagione dei “tre poli” – 5. La persistente centralità del modello delineato dall’art. 138 Cost. e il suo rapporto con le ipotesi ricorrenti di riforma della Costituzione.

The contribution reflects on the fundamental value of the constitutional revision procedure provided for in Article 138 of the Constitution. Enzo Cheli's essays are decisive, in the authors' opinion, to properly contextualise the problem starting from the value of the centrality of Parliament.

di Monica Rosini

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa breve. - 2. Il regolamento “interno” sul piano formale e delle procedure di adozione. - 2.1 Le novità della legge n. 71/2022: dal regolamento “interno” al regolamento “generale”. - 2.2. Il regolamento generale del C.S.M. nel sistema delle fonti normative. - 3. Il regolamento di amministrazione e contabilità. – 4. Il regolamento del personale. - 5. Alcune considerazioni (non)conclusive.

The paper examines the internal regulation of the C.S.M., as well as its accounting and personnel regulations, aiming to trace their evolution in light of the changes introduced by the Cartabia Law and recent judicial interpretations. In doing so, it briefly revisits the nature and role assigned to the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura by the Constitution in safeguarding judicial independence.

di Giovanni Di Cosimo

SOMMARIO: 1. Procedura. – 2. Metodo. – 3. Contenuti. – 4. Limite naturale.

The essay reconstructs Enzo Cheli's thinking on the limits to which the constitutional legislator should adhere when it comes to institutional reforms. The basic question that arises is whether the limits of method and content that he indicates constitute an effective legal constraint on the political decision of the constitutional legislator.

di Massimo Carli

The article points out that the Handbook of the Regions on Rules and Suggestions for the Drafting of Legislative Texts is currently being amended, which will not only deal with formal drafting, as in the past, to contribute to a revitalisation of the regional councils and their representative role, despite the direct election of the presidents of the regional councils. It will take time for this to happen, just as it took decades for the rules of formal drafting to be widely applied by the regional councils.

di Gian Luca Conti

SOMMARIO:  1. Preliminari: Bentham a Montain View. – 2. Le asimmetrie del reale: se la verità è irta di odio, la menzogna potrebbe non essere turpe. – 3. Il contratto sociale al tempo degli Unicorni. – 4. La commodification della democrazia. – 5. Limiti della manifestazione del pensiero dopo il buon costume. – 6. La libertà di manifestazione del pensiero al tempo della simbiosi uomo – macchina. – 7. Conclusioni: il sermone della Silicon Valley.

Today there is not only the commodification of the economic sphere, there is also the commodification of the public sphere. The public sphere that we are accustomed to identify with the space occupied by the constitution to define the nexus that brings alive the relationship between people, territory and government (political address) through a social contract is no longer a self-sufficient need.

The author's conviction is that it is useless, and dangerous, to demonise new technologies: industrial revolutions cannot be stopped, they can be influenced in some way by preventing them from expressing all the harmful potential of which they are capable, and by trying to ensure that every new conquest of technology benefits those who need it most because they were among those most adversely affected by the previous phase of technological development.

di Marta Picchi

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. – 2. L’evoluzione della giurisprudenza costituzionale. – 2.1. Gli anni bui ... – 2.2. … degli evidenti paradossi e delle incoerenze. – 2.3. Svolte e nuovi moniti al legislatore. – 2.4. Un primo intervento correttivo da parte della Corte costituzionale. – 3. L’ inerzia del legislatore e l’utilizzo di un diritto penale “simbolico”. – 4. Conclusioni.

This essay focuses on the evolution of the decisions of the Constitutional Court on the protection of the best interests of the child of homosexual couples, in order to reflect on the adequacy of the protection offered by our country to children born as a result of the use of medically assisted procreation techniques and surrogacy and on the critical issues still unresolved. In particular, attention is paid to the two parallel paths followed by the lawgiver and the Constitutional Court. The lawgiver, despite the warnings of the Constitutional Court, does not intend to address the problem and, on the contrary, has extended the criminal liability of surrogacy in order to counter the so-called phenomenon of procreative tourism. Instead, the Constitutional Court has progressively elaborated new reconstructions in the balancing of the plurality of constitutional values at stake, recognizing the need to make effective the protection of the best interests of the child born thanks to these procreative techniques.

di Giovanni Tarli Barbieri

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive: la grande rilevanza istituzionale della legislazione elettorale nel pensiero di Enzo Cheli. – 2. Il modello originario: la “Repubblica dei partiti” e la legislazione elettorale di tipo proporzionale. – 3. La controversa vicenda della legge “truffa”. – 4. Le proposte di modifica della legislazione elettorale nella stagione del proporzionale. – 5. La riforma elettorale del 1993: una svolta mancata? – 6. La pessima riforma del 2005. – 7. L’ulteriore stagione delle riforme mancate, tra popolo, Parlamento e giudici (2013-2015). – 8. La riforma elettorale del 2018: un’ennesima riforma… da riformare? – 9. Considerazioni conclusive: la XIX legislatura e la prospettiva di radicali revisioni costituzionali. – 10. Una breve conclusione.

In Enzo Cheli's work, attention to the problems of electoral legislation has always been central, which is why the contribution focuses on these aspects through a perspective that analyses the historical evolution of Italian electoral models.

di Stefano Grassi

The sources of law - as Enzo Cheli has reminded us on several occasions - are the result of the structural features of our constitutional orders. It is therefore to be ascertained how the recent Constitutional Revision Law no. 1/2022 - which affirms as a fundamental principle the ‘protection of the environment, biodiversity and ecosystems also in the interest of future generations’ - has incorporated our Constitution into ‘environmental constitutionalism’, which places the biological-natural dimension alongside the dimension of freedoms and social rights.

Such a revision is consistent with the structure and principles of the 1948 Constitution; it develops our constitution in an environmental sense without overcoming, but rather enriching the essential features of our Constitutional State; it introduces principles that may provide new guidance on the path to be taken to achieve consistency in the production of sources for environmental protection.

M. Cristina Grisolia

SOMMARIO: 1. Il dibattito sul “metodo” dell’attuale riforma costituzionale. – 2. L’art. 138 all’ Assemblea costituente e i suoi elementi caratterizzanti. – 3. L’art.138 Cost. nella sua prima prassi applicativa e i procedimenti in “deroga”. – 4. Il ritorno alla procedura ordinaria prevista dall’art. 138 Cost. – 5. L’attuale percorso riformatore.

The article takes into consideration the approval procedure under Article 138 of the Constitution of the current constitutional reform on the so-called 'elective Premierate', verifying its 'resilience' in light of the practice that has developed in recent years. To this end the work, after dwelling on the debate at the Constituent Assembly and highlighting the institutional logic that had inspired the approval of this rule, examines the problems that have characterised the various reform attempts. The article concludes by affirming the continued validity of a procedure that, although suffering the progressive attrition of the original logic, still offers, if applied well, the best guarantees of a correct political and institutional confrontation.

di Laura Buffoni

SOMMARIO: 1. Il metodo di un positivismo temperato. – 2. La Costituzione-norma, la Costituzione vivente e la Costituzione materiale. – 3. Il soggetto di diritto. Contro i diritti naturali. – 3.1 Il cittadino/lavoratore. – 4. Il potere. – 5. Garanzia e indirizzo. – 6. Libertà, al singolare. Una malattia incurabile.

The essay takes its starting point from Paolo Barile's book, Diritti dell’uomo e libertà fondamentali, which proposes an interpretation of the liberties in the constitutional law. The Author investigates its presupposed conception of the constitution and its consequences in the theory of constitutional interpretation, as well as its compatibility with positive constitutional law.

di Elisabetta Catelani

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. Riforma del titolo V ed inserimento per la prima volta in Costituzione del concetto di sport. Profili organizzativi statali conseguenti: dalla struttura di missione alla creazione di un Dipartimento per lo sport nella Presidenza del Consiglio. – 3. Le ragioni dell’inserimento dell’attività sportiva nell’art. 33 Cost.: il carattere poliedrico della norma. – 4. La nuova formulazione dell’art. 33 Cost.: analisi terminologica. – 5. Segue: la ratio del termine “attività sportiva”. – 6. Sport ed il suo valore educativo come elemento primario della norma: istruzione ed attività sportiva. – 7. Il valore sociale dell’attività sportiva. – 8. Il “benessere psicofisico dell’attività sportiva”: un concetto innovativo. – 9. L’inciso «in tutte le sue forme». – 10. Ordinamento statale ed ordinamento sportivo: una convivenza necessaria. – 11. Competenza statale e regionale in materia di “ordinamento sportivo”. – 12. Le pari opportunità nello sport.

The contribution questions the content of Constitutional Law No. 1 of 2023, which, by integrating the content of Article 33 of the Constitution, provided for the Republic's recognition of the 'educational, social and psychophysical wellbeing-promoting value of sporting activity in all its forms'. A constitutional reform that had been sought after for a long time, but about which very little was discussed at the level of constitutional doctrine during the drafting and approval stage, whose regulatory scope, effects in the legal system, consequences on the education system, on health profiles and even on the health organisation must, however, be carefully identified.